Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate, also known as baking soda or sodium hydrogen carbonate, is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3​. This white crystalline powder is a salt composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a bicarbonate anion (HCO3−​). Chemically, it exhibits amphoteric properties, meaning it can react with both acids and bases. In aqueous solutions, sodium bicarbonate undergoes slight hydrolysis, resulting in a mildly alkaline pH. Its molar mass is approximately 84.01 g/mol, and it decomposes upon heating above 50°C, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2​), water (H2​O), and sodium carbonate (Na2​CO3​). This characteristic thermal decomposition is fundamental to many of its widespread uses.

Sodium bicarbonate's application areas are extensive and diverse, stemming from its unique chemical properties. Here's a summary of key sectors where it is utilized:

• Food Industry: Primarily as a leavening agent in baking, producing carbon dioxide for light and airy textures in cakes, bread, and other baked goods. It's also used to tenderize certain foods and regulate pH in some food processing applications.
• Household Uses: A common natural deodorizer for refrigerators, carpets, and other areas. Its mild abrasive properties make it a gentle cleaning agent for various surfaces. It can also be used for personal care, such as in homemade toothpaste or as a bath soak.
• Healthcare: As an antacid to relieve indigestion and heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid. It is also used medically as an electrolyte replenisher and to treat conditions like metabolic acidosis. Additionally, it's found in some oral hygiene products.
• Industrial Applications: Used as a fire retardant due to the release of carbon dioxide upon heating. Its buffering capacity is crucial in water treatment to maintain stable pH levels. It also finds applications in the textile industry for dyeing and finishing processes.
• Environmental Management: Employed in some water treatment processes and can be used for neutralizing acidic spills. It's often considered a more eco-friendly cleaning alternative compared to harsh chemicals.
• Agriculture: In some instances, it's used as a fungicide or to adjust soil pH.
• Animal Feed: Can be added to animal feed as a source of sodium and to help regulate digestive pH. Sodium bicarbonate acts as a buffering agent, helping to neutralize excess acid and maintain a stable rumen pH within the optimal range (typically 6.0-6.5) for healthy microbial activity.